數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)具有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)、電、液集(ji)于一身(shen)的(de)(de)，技(ji)術密(mi)集(ji)和知識(shi)密(mi)集(ji)的(de)(de)特點，是一種自動化程度高、結(jie)構(gou)復雜且又(you)昂貴的(de)(de) 加(jia)(jia)工設備。為了充(chong)分發揮其(qi)效(xiao)益，減少故障的(de)(de)發生，必須做好日常維(wei)護工作(zuo)，所以要求數(shu)控(kong)車床(chuang)維(wei)護人員不僅要有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)械、加(jia)(jia)工工藝(yi)以及液壓氣動方面(mian)的(de)(de)知識(shi)，也要具備電子計算機(ji)(ji)、自動控(kong)制、驅動及測量(liang)技(ji)術等(deng)知識(shi)，這樣才能(neng)全面(mian)了解、掌(zhang)握數(shu)控(kong)車床(chuang)，及時搞好維(wei)護工作(zuo)。

　　一、數控機床主(zhu)要的日常維護與保養工(gong)作的內容：

　　1、選擇合適的(de)使用環境(jing)：數控車床(chuang)的(de)使用環境(jing)（如溫度(du)、濕度(du)、振動、電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓、頻率(lv)及(ji)干擾等）會影響機床(chuang)的(de)正常運轉，所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)安裝(zhuang)機床(chuang)時應(ying)嚴格(ge)要求(qiu)做到符(fu)合機床(chuang)說明書規定的(de)安裝(zhuang)條(tiao)件和要求(qiu)。在(zai)(zai)經濟條(tiao)件許(xu)可(ke)的(de)條(tiao)件下，應(ying)將數控機床(chuang)與普通機械加工設備隔離(li)安裝(zhuang)，以(yi)便于維(wei)修與保養(yang)。

　　2、應(ying)(ying)為數(shu)控機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)配備數(shu)控系(xi)統(tong)編程、操(cao)作(zuo)和維修的(de)專門人員(yuan)：這些人員(yuan)應(ying)(ying)熟悉所用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械部(bu)分、數(shu)控系(xi)統(tong)、強(qiang)電設備、液壓(ya)、氣壓(ya)等部(bu)分及(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環境、加工(gong)條件等，并能按(an)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)和系(xi)統(tong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)說(shuo)明書的(de)要求正確使(shi)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)控車床(chuang)。

　　3、長期不用(yong)數控機(ji)床的維護與保養：在(zai)數控機(ji)床閑置不用(yong)時，應經常經數控系統通電(dian)，在(zai)機(ji)床鎖住情況下，使其(qi)空運(yun)行(xing)。在(zai)空氣濕度較大的霉雨(yu)季節(jie)應該天天通電(dian)，利用(yong)電(dian)器元件本身發熱驅走數控柜內的潮氣，以保證電(dian)子部件的性(xing)能穩定可靠。

　　4、數控系(xi)統中(zhong)硬(ying)件控制部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)維護與保(bao)養(yang)：每年讓有經驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)維修電(dian)(dian)工檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)一次。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測有關的(de)(de)(de)(de)參考電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)在規定范圍內(nei)(nei)，如(ru)電(dian)(dian)源模塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)各路輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、數控單元(yuan)參考電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等，若(ruo)不正(zheng)常(chang)并清(qing)除灰塵；檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)系(xi)統內(nei)(nei)各電(dian)(dian)器元(yuan)件聯接是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)松動；檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)各功(gong)能模塊使(shi)(shi)用風扇運(yun)轉是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)正(zheng)常(chang)并清(qing)除灰塵；檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)伺服放(fang)大器和主軸(zhou)放(fang)大器使(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)外接式(shi)再生(sheng)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)單元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯接是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)可靠(kao)，清(qing)除灰塵；檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測各功(gong)能模塊使(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)存儲器后備電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)正(zheng)常(chang)，一般應(ying)根據廠家的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求定期更換。對于長(chang)期停用的(de)(de)(de)(de)機床，應(ying)每月開機運(yun)行4小時，這樣(yang)可以(yi)延長(chang)數控機床的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用壽命(ming)。

　　5、機床機械部分的維護與(yu)保養：操作者在每班加(jia)工(gong)結束(shu)(shu)后，應清掃干凈散落于(yu)拖板、導(dao)軌等處的切(qie)屑；在工(gong)作時注(zhu)意檢(jian)查排屑器是否正常以免(mian)造成切(qie)屑堆(dui)積，損壞(huai)導(dao)軌精度，危及滾珠(zhu)絲杠(gang)與(yu)導(dao)軌的壽(shou)命；在工(gong)作結束(shu)(shu)前，應將各伺服軸回(hui)歸原點(dian)后停(ting)機。

　　6、機(ji)床主軸電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)維護與保養：維修電(dian)(dian)工應(ying)每(mei)年檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)一次伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和主軸電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。著重(zhong)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)其運行噪聲、溫(wen)升，若(ruo)噪聲過(guo)大，應(ying)查(cha)(cha)(cha)明原(yuan)因，是(shi)軸承(cheng)等機(ji)械問題(ti)還(huan)是(shi)與其相(xiang)配的(de)放大器的(de)參數設置問題(ti)，采取相(xiang)應(ying)措施加以解(jie)決。對(dui)于直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，應(ying)對(dui)其電(dian)(dian)刷、換向器等進行檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)、調整(zheng)、維修或更(geng)換，使其工作(zuo)狀態良好(hao)。檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端部的(de)冷卻風扇(shan)運轉(zhuan)是(shi)否正常(chang)并清掃灰塵；檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)各聯接插(cha)頭(tou)是(shi)否松(song)動。

　　7、機(ji)床進給伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)與保養：對于數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車床的(de)(de)(de)(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)10~12個月進行一(yi)(yi)次(ci)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保養，加(jia)速或者減(jian)速變(bian)化頻繁的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)床要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)2個月進行一(yi)(yi)次(ci)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保養。維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保養的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內容(rong)有(you)：用(yong)(yong)干燥的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓縮(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)吹(chui)(chui)除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)粉塵，檢(jian)查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)損情況(kuang)，如(ru)需更(geng)換，需選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)規(gui)格相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)，更(geng)換后要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)空(kong)(kong)載運行一(yi)(yi)定時間使其與換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)表(biao)(biao)面吻合(he)(he)(he)；檢(jian)查(cha)清(qing)掃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞整流子(zi)以防止短路(lu)；如(ru)裝(zhuang)有(you)測速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)脈沖編碼器(qi)時，也要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進行檢(jian)查(cha)和(he)清(qing)掃。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車床中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)應每年至(zhi)少檢(jian)查(cha)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)應在(zai)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，并且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)已完全冷卻的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)進行檢(jian)查(cha)；取(qu)下(xia)(xia)橡膠(jiao)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)帽，用(yong)(yong)螺(luo)(luo)釘旋具刀擰下(xia)(xia)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)蓋取(qu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)；測量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)長度(du)，如(ru)FANUC直流伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)由10mm磨(mo)損到小于5mm時，必須(xu)更(geng)換同一(yi)(yi)型(xing)號的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)；仔(zi)細檢(jian)查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)弧形(xing)接觸面是否有(you)深溝和(he)裂痕，以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)彈簧上是否有(you)無(wu)打火痕跡。如(ru)有(you)上述現象，則(ze)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作條件是否過分(fen)惡劣或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)本(ben)身是否有(you)問題。用(yong)(yong)不含金屬粉末(mo)(mo)及水分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓縮(suo)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)導入裝(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)孔，吹(chui)(chui)凈(jing)粘在(zai)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)孔壁(bi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)粉末(mo)(mo)。如(ru)果難以吹(chui)(chui)凈(jing)，可用(yong)(yong)螺(luo)(luo)釘旋具尖輕(qing)輕(qing)清(qing)理，直至(zhi)孔壁(bi)全部干凈(jing)為(wei)止，但要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)注意不要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)碰到換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)表(biao)(biao)面。得新裝(zhuang)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)，擰緊(jin)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)蓋。如(ru)果更(geng)換了(le)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)，應使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)空(kong)(kong)運行跑合(he)(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)段(duan)時間，以使數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車床電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)表(biao)(biao)面和(he)換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)表(biao)(biao)面相吻合(he)(he)(he)。